Functions Of Roots



Absorption of water and minerals

Hold the soil particle together

Mechanical support to the plant by keeping it fixed in soil

Store food inside them

Also help in floating photosynthesis climbing and reproduction etc.





Stem 


Is time is the aerial part of the plant which develops from plumule to embryo.

It bears leaves branches flowers and fruits.

Characteristic of stem 

Grows upward always

Positively phototrophic and negatively geotropic

The growing Apex of stem bears a terminal bud for growth in length

Is time is differentiated into nodes and internodes also.

Leaves are oriented at every node.

The lateral organs of his time are genius in a reason as leaves branches etc.

The young stem is green and photosynthetic.

Stem pairs are also developed in some plants this time pairs are unicellular or multicellular.

In mature plants stem and its branches bears flowers fruit leaves etc.



Types of stem 

1.Upright / Straight / Strong stem 

         2.  Feeble / Flexible / Weak stem

1. Upright / Straight / Strong Stem


The aerial stem is strong and may be of many types-

1. Excurrent

2. Decurrent

3. Caudex

4. Culm


1. Excurrent

in this time both men access as well as little branches grows continuously thus tree acquire cone like shape example pinus ,eukalyptus , Christmas tree etc.

2. Decurrent

when the lateral branches grow more rapidly than main access does that requires a rounded shape example banyan tree and mango tree.

3. Caudex

When is time remain unbranched strong cylindrical in shape example coconut and palm.

4. Culm

the plant having stem which has solid nodes and hollow internodes example bamboo tree.

2. Flexible / Feeble / weak stem


1. Creepers

Creepers are are weak stem plant which grow post rate and develop adventitious root from their notes example doob grass .

2. Trailers

these plants grow prostratly over the field but routes are not formed from every node.

3. Climbers

In in these plants stem is weak and able to coil around the support so they usually climb up with the help of clinging structure in stem.

Climbers Are Of  Four Types


(A) Root Climber

these are roots which formed at nodes of stem help to attach with support. Eg , piper bettle (pan) , money plant

(B) Stem Climber

Also known as twinners . Climb up with the help of spinal coiling around the support.

Eg , Clitaria , Cuscutta

(C) Leaf Climber

Also known as tendrils. Coiled structure which is modification of leaf branch branch tip floral Bud. Eg , garden pea , sweet pea ,grapes etc

(D) Lianas

It is very long Woody climber there is at the top of a forest and gets sunlight and becomes Woody.

They found in deep forest mostly example bignonia , tinospora etc.